Directly: through popular election; this can be made a fiction under the formula of popular acclamation; the electorate can be very selective, such as the patrician families and/or the professional corporations of a city state, or by the warriors in the case of a 'tribal' type war chief or a Roman general 9L0 509 proclaimed by his legions.
indirectly: by members of the legislature or of a special college of electors, either as an expression of general suffrage (as in the United States) or an exclusive prerogative (as the Heads of States of constitutive monarchies in two modern federations: the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia).
a head of state can be entitled 9L0 402 to designate his successor, such as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell (succeeded by his son Richard)
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